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Climate change is an increasingly serious issue in Canada, and Montreal is no exception. The city is working to adapt to the effects of global warming by creating a climate change guide for residents. But the real fight will be in the political arena. The city’s mayor, Christine Stamp, is attempting to make this issue more accessible by addressing the concerns of local residents. Read on for her thoughts on the topic. We are all affected by climate change in one way or another, but how can we make sure that we don’t do anything to speed up the problem?
Adaptation to climate change
The city of Montréal is already dealing with the impacts of climate change – from urban heat islands to changing population patterns – but the city’s future depends on tackling these issues holistically. Beyond climate change, other factors, including socioeconomic development, will amplify and mitigate these effects. Here are some ideas to adapt Montreal to climate change. Adaptation to climate change in Montreal starts with the borough’s plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
First, the city’s vulnerability to average temperature increases is hard to map. There are no specific sectors most vulnerable to climate change. The entire territory will be affected, including the city’s road network, concrete infrastructure, and associated structures. As temperatures increase, the city’s infrastructure is particularly vulnerable to freeze-thaw cycles. A new study indicates that Montreal may be exposed to up to two additional months of summer, as much as six months earlier.
The plan consolidates the adaptation measures already in place. Montreal’s agglomeration has more than 30 strategies and plans that address climate impacts. Adaptation measures are measures intended to reduce vulnerability on the territory and express the way municipal players respond to the changing climate. These measures may be incorporated into existing plans, strategies, and by-laws, or may be considered short-term adaptation measures between now and 2020.
Impacts of climate change on individual regions
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has summarized the health impacts of climate change. It found that warmer temperatures in Quebec lead to fewer days with frozen soil. This decrease in frozen soil may be attributed to the increasing number of forest fires in Quebec. However, it does not mean that a city is immune to the effects of climate change. Many industries are affected by these changes. Therefore, it is important to take steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The health sector in central Canada is heavily dependent on the climate. Increasingly warmer temperatures may increase heat-related illnesses. Heatwaves and smog episodes are two examples. Moreover, environmental changes may support the spread of vector-borne diseases. Therefore, climate change will have a significant impact on health. While assessing health risks, we need to consider the impacts of climate change on individual regions of Montreal.
In Quebec, the climate is generally mild, but can be extreme, causing flooding. This extreme weather can be caused by the melting of snow, intense rains, and rising sea levels. As of 2021, flooding in Quebec has already affected hundreds of people. Climate change is expected to lead to similar events in Canada. In fact, many municipalities will be affected by flooding this summer and next. Luckily, many residents of the city are resilient, and the impact of climate change is not immediate.
Challenges to international cooperation on climate change
There are some common challenges to international cooperation on climate change. The first is that climate change is a global problem with regional implications. The other is that a global solution would require a truly global system. Even if an agreement were to be reached, it would likely fail to reduce emissions in every country. This challenge to international cooperation has several possible solutions. Let’s consider a few of these solutions.
The Montreal Protocol was designed to address these challenges. Despite its success in drawing a broad coalition of developed and developing countries, the protocol still faces a number of other problems. It has to overcome challenges in attracting participation and increasing compliance, preventing free riding, and strengthening commitments over time. It must also overcome the costs of implementation, behavioural changes, and neutralizing veto players. The challenges that a global environmental regime faces will also affect the Montreal Protocol.
The Kyoto Protocol failed in its main goal, limiting global warming to two degrees Celsius. By the end of the Paris Agreement, more than half of the world’s fossil fuels would have been burned. The remaining half of economically recoverable fossil fuels would be available until 2050. However, this agreement failed to tackle the issue of how to divide the emissions. The developed nations emitted far more than their fair share.
There is a plethora of issues on the climate change Warsaw agenda that are incredibly contentious, but a lack of international media coverage has largely obscured these topics. Lack of coverage of these issues almost guarantees that nations will ignore their ethical obligations, and thereby doom the development of an adequate global climate regime. So, what can we do? The following article explores some of these issues. We will also explore the Carbon budget and adaptation.
Loss and damage caused by climate change
The conference to review progress on climate change and the future of global emissions has a lot of important decisions to make. A major achievement is a new international mechanism for loss and damage, which will provide assistance to the developing world that has been affected by climate change. Although this issue was not on the agenda of COP26, the Climate Action Network and other allies mobilized civil society to make it a priority at the meeting.
Despite being an integral part of the UNFCCC process, the Warsaw Mechanism does not entail permanent solutions for the world’s climatic challenges. It incorporates loss and damage as a subcategory of adaptation, and many countries argue that it should be the third pillar of the UNFCCC. However, it is important to remember that the loss and damage associated with climate change are often far greater than the cost of adaptation.
Carbon budget
The Warsaw talks set the stage for a broad and strong global climate agreement. There is substantial support for a final agreement by 2015 and it should take effect by 2020. The goals for the Paris climate talks were set at high levels, but they have since been reduced. The goal of keeping global temperatures from rising beyond 2 degrees Celsius has been set at 2 degrees. But how will the Warsaw meeting affect this? How will it affect climate change?
The IPCC report highlighted the importance of limiting cumulative emissions while addressing the gap between the 2015 to 2020 target and the post-2020 agreement. While many countries made commitments to reduce emissions, the questions remain as to how ambitious these pledges should be, what kind of review mechanisms would be in place, and how legally binding they should be. Another key issue is financial assistance. Both developed and developing countries need financial assistance to meet their long-term emissions targets and plug the fast-start gap.
Mitigation
In the case of Polish cities, multifunctional NBS could be a cost-effective solution for urban climate change mitigation and protection. Its implementation can result in improved knowledge, skills, and capacities of municipal staff and landscape planners. The project aims to develop the network of NBS experts in Poland. This network will work in collaboration with Poznan, Krakow, and Wroclaw. Its findings will be discussed at an upcoming conference.
The COP19 decision recognizes the importance of addressing the loss and damage associated with climate change impacts. It will help to strengthen knowledge and coordination of these actions and foster cooperation among institutions. The committee will propose an action programme that will be approved at the next Climate Change Conference in Lima. Once the plan is approved, a working group will be appointed to develop a programme to implement the plan. This is the first step in the implementation of the REDD+ programme.
Adaptation
The draft decision adopted at the Paris Climate Change Conference included the inclusion of loss and damage as the third pillar of climate policy. Parties committed to improve support to countries affected by climate change, through a cooperative and facilitative mechanism called the Warsaw International Mechanism. The phrase “enhanced support” is intended to mean anything from finance and technology to material transfers to countries already suffering from irreversible impacts of climate change.
The process of the Warsaw International Mechanism will measure its success in identifying new ways to frame the issues and developing new types of solutions. The goal is to help vulnerable countries and people deal with the negative effects of climate change and avoid harming development goals in the process. The mechanism will also aim to align policy priorities with 21st century realities. The conference will take place in December 2019.
Urban context
The urban context of climate change is a rapidly growing area, resulting in increased energy consumption and carbon emissions. While a smaller proportion of power in cities comes from industry, this power is still largely generated by fossil fuel combustion. Cities contribute to climate change by releasing heat into the atmosphere at higher temperatures than outlying areas. Because cities are growing rapidly, the amount of vegetation and green surface is decreasing, which increases the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
These cities are pioneering in their integration of mitigation measures for greenhouse gas emissions and urban adaptation measures. This integrated approach to reducing climate-related risks and ensuring benefits are shared fairly is a key component of adaptation research. In richer cities, this combination of actions will be a huge political and organizational undertaking, while it is extremely challenging in developing regions. The costs of financing such a large project, coupled with high interest rates, make these efforts prohibitively expensive.
Climate Change Paris Should Be Used to Boost Action in the Home Countries
Climate change Paris should be used to bolster action in the home countries. The agreement needs to address financing and technological support for developing countries to reduce emissions. Rich countries are either keeping their heads down or trying to backtrack. The Paris agreement fails to address these issues. While good politicians will use the Paris agreement to motivate action in their own countries, bad politicians will use it as an opportunity to gain publicity and do nothing. Climate agreements do work when massive pressure is applied.
Article 7 on adaptation
The Paris Agreement calls on the Parties to promote and support efforts in all areas of adaptation to climate change, including in the form of financial assistance, and to ensure that their efforts are documented in the UNFCCC registry. To facilitate this process, the Parties recognize that they face increased adaptation needs despite their efforts to mitigate climate change, and they acknowledge that greater mitigation levels can reduce the need for additional adaptation efforts. At the same time, greater adaptation needs imply greater costs.
In addition, the Agreement includes a global goal for adaptation, which aims to improve countries’ adaptive capacity and build their resilience to climate change, contribute to sustainable development and ensure adequate response to climate change. The goal is closely linked to the Paris Agreement’s other goals, including the need to limit global temperature increases to 2 degrees Celsius. Accordingly, Parties have agreed to support and facilitate adaptation efforts, which should include a balance of resources and time.
Article 6 on mitigation
An obscure part of the Paris Agreement is Article 6, which governs the trade of emissions reductions between countries. The Article could make or break the Paris Agreement, as it could allow the world’s biggest emitters to offload their responsibility by trading fictional emission reductions. This would be a glaring failure of the Paris regime. So, it must be passed to ensure that the agreement remains credible. Here are a few of its key features.
First, Article 6.1 sets the tone for the rest of the text. It emphasizes that voluntary cooperation is needed in order to achieve mitigation and adaptation targets. While this approach is controversial, it has the potential to encourage more ambitious actions by countries. This is because voluntary cooperation should promote sustainable development and environmental integrity, which means the actions should be beneficial to the atmosphere. But the future of Article 6 depends on the way the Paris Agreement is drafted and implemented.
Article 7 on finance
The United States is committed to developing a comprehensive climate change policy that marshals the capital, creativity, and courage of American citizens and companies. By supporting climate-resilient development, we help our communities and economies adapt to this rapidly changing global environment and create a brighter future. Our climate policy bolsters U.S. competitiveness and creates new, well-paying jobs while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The G-7 recently agreed to provide $100 billion per year by 2020 to poorer nations who are facing the brunt of climate-related risks from rising seas, droughts, and storms. Unfortunately, Britain was forced to postpone COP26, and despite a surprisingly positive outcome, the summit didn’t reach its climate finance target. The G-7 said that 2021 would be a pivotal year for the planet, urging developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to less than 1.5 percent of global GDP.
Loss and damage finance was originally defined as “the inevitable consequences of climate change.” However, the term has gotten somewhat controversial, and developed countries try to keep it close to the concept of adaptation and say that specific loss and damage finance isn’t necessary. Fortunately, the Paris Agreement separated the two in Article 7.
Article 8 on technology transfer
The 2015 Paris Agreement contains several instances of subtle differentiation, with most of them involving adaptation finance and capacity building. The preamble and Article 13 of the Agreement also make subtle distinctions. However, the Paris Agreement does not mention Africa, as the Convention does. In fact, the Paris Agreement explicitly refers to LDCs and SIDS as ‘other non-developed countries’ (NDCs), with a few other nuances.
The underlying issue is whether the Paris Agreement will impose stricter rules on the transfer of technology to developing nations. Some countries, such as Brazil, have raised concerns over this point. The EU, on the other hand, says that host nations do not need to make corresponding adjustments after selling carbon credits. Because of the ambiguity surrounding Article 6.4, some countries are pushing for double-counting. While the UNFCCC has not provided a clear answer to the double-counting issue, it has been the basis for many negotiations.
